American politics have become decidedly polarized in recent years leading up to lamentable episodes of violence.

The American political scene has become particularly acrimonious of late. Thinly veiled calls to physical violence have driven the less stable among us to act rashly. While the details are adequate to induce the gyrating fantods in the news media, our antics have absolutely nothing on those of Pakistan.

Pakistani politics have been characterized by chaos and mayhem for generations.

Pakistani politics is a bucket of snakes.

Benazir Bhutto was an anomaly. As the world’s first elected female Prime Minister in a majority Muslim country her very existence attracted controversy.

Benazir Bhutto was both the 11^th and 13^th Prime Minister of Pakistan. Her professional life was enigmatic, dangerous, chaotic, and inspirational.
Accused of corruption and officially ousted from her post twice, she yet remained the first democratically elected female leader of a Muslim-majority nation. Imprisoned, exiled, persecuted, and ultimately murdered, Benazir Bhutto came to represent both the best and the worst of her part of the world.

Benazir Bhutto was born into politics.

Benazir’s father was himself the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Benazir Bhutto was born into a life of privilege. Of mixed Kurdish and Sindhi origins, her father was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1973. Four years later he was overthrown in a military coup and hanged.

Bhutto studied both in the United States and Great Britain.

Benazir was classically educated at both Harvard and the University of Oxford, returning home shortly before her father’s death. The coup leader Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq imprisoned her for a time before exiling her to Great Britain in 1984.

Margaret Thatcher served as one of Benazir Bhutto’s prime inspirations.

Bhutto returned to Pakistan in 1986 having been heavily influenced by Margaret Thatcher’s economic platforms.

Bhutto devoted herself to liberalizing her nation’s culture and society.

Determined to import these concepts to her home country, Benazir Bhutto was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1988. However, Pakistan was and is the home of some of the most politically and theologically primitive people on the planet. Conservative political forces, as well as radical Islamists, did not accept the idea of a liberal female leader with grace or restraint.

Benazir Bhutto was a controversial but tirelessly persistent politician.

What followed was a labyrinthine mess of charges and countercharges accusing her administration of both nepotism and corruption. History has become so muddled that we will likely never separate truth from fiction. In 1990 the President of the country, Gulam Ishaq Khan, dismissed the Bhutto government via an overtly rigged election.

Bhutto continued to influence Pakistani politics while both at home and abroad in exile.

After her successor was also given the boot due to corruption Bhutto was elected Prime Minister yet again in 1993. This time she threw herself behind economic privatization and the expansion of women’s rights, earning a whole new slate of political enemies in the process. After the murder of her brother and a failed coup attempt, the President dismissed her a second time. She subsequently accepted voluntary exile in Dubai and continued to influence the government via proxies.

Benazir Bhutto’s radical policies marked her for death.

In 2007 with the support of the United States she returned to Pakistan intent on running for Prime Minister yet again in 2008. Central planks in her platform emphasized civilian oversight of the military and opposition to Islamist violence. Despite powerful public support, a 15-year-old suicide bomber cut her down at age 54.

The Killing of Benazir Bhutto

Bhutto enjoyed widespread popularity and drew massive crowds.

Bhutto had already survived one assassination attempt via suicide bomber two months prior to her death. This attack took place immediately upon her return to Pakistan. As she left the airport her security detail formed a human chain to keep assassins at bay. The resulting suicide bombers claimed between 139 and 180 lives, including fifty of Bhutto’s security detail. There are conflicting reports of the ultimate death toll. Bhutto herself escaped unscathed.

Allegations of intentionally substandard security arose from several sources in the days before Bhutto’s death. Professional security contractors such as these likely could have changed the outcome.

Bhutto had repeatedly decried her lack of effective security.

President Pervez Musharraf came to power in a military coup and had little use for Benazir Bhutto.

Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf held her in no great esteem, and rumors swirled regarding sundry plots and lethal schemes. However, none of these dark portents was sufficient to dissuade her from campaigning in public.

Bhutto had requested private Blackwater security personnel in the weeks leading up to her assassination.

She had reached out to the UN, the CIA, and the Mossad, as well as to the private security firms Blackwater and ArmorGroup for assistance. Her security on the day of her death was both local and inadequate.

Bhutto traveled in an armored Land Cruiser with a sunroof.

Bhutto had just completed a political rally in the garrison city of Rawalpindi and was traveling exposed and upright in the open sunroof of her armored Toyota Land Cruiser.

In this shot taken immediately prior to her assassination, you can see how exposed Bhutto was to potential attacks.

One or more assassins attacked her vehicle from a range of about three meters, initiating the assault with several quick pistol shots. Bhutto fell back into the vehicle, and a suicide bomber detonated his explosive vest.

The assassination was precipitated by gunfire followed by a suicide bombing. This image was taken at the moment of detonation.

It has never been conclusively determined if the bomber was also the shooter or if there were multiple assassins. The bomber’s head was found on the roof of a nearby building.

The aftermath of the bombing was profoundly gruesome.

The result in a tightly packed crowd was unfiltered carnage. Twenty-four people died. Bhutto was rushed to the nearby Rawalpindi General Hospital. In a bizarre quirk of fate, the physician trying vainly to save her life was the son of the surgeon who had attempted the same feat on Liaquat Ali Khan more than half a century before.

Bhutto was attacked at the same spot and treated at the same hospital as a previous Pakistani Prime Minister murdered half a century before.

Liaquat Ali Khan was a former Pakistani Prime Minister who was assassinated in the same place and taken to the same hospital in 1951.

The crime scene was managed with profound ineptitude. Any critical evidence was ultimately and perhaps intentionally lost.

The cover-up was both immediate and effective. Bhutto’s body was quickly buried without an autopsy, and Pakistani investigators secured a mere twenty-three pieces of evidence before thoroughly hosing down the crime scene. Rumors abounded concerning a coordinated sniper attack, and the specific cause of death is widely disputed to this day. The official line was that Bhutto was unharmed by the assassin’s handgun but died from a depressed skull fracture. She purportedly incurred this injury when she struck a component of the vehicle at the moment of detonation. However, eyewitnesses attested to a bloody gunshot wound before the bomb went off. The government seized all the medical records.

Images of the event have been microscopically analyzed yet a complete understanding of the attack remains elusive.

Video accounts are ambiguous, and physical evidence is intentionally scant.

Al Qaeda and the Pakistani Taliban were ultimately blamed, but most of them died elsewhere.

The details are important. In this backwards culture, death by firearm is apparently adequate to attain martyr status, while supposedly being brained by a sunroof lever is not. Additionally, accusations have swirled implicating everyone from President Musharraf down to the local police force in the killing. Ultimate blame was officially placed upon Al Qaeda and the Pakistani Taliban. While these two organizations were certainly awash in proper villains, the vast majority of those implicated died in drone strikes for other reasons. That trail has gone cold.

The Gun

This is a picture of the weapon recovered at the scene of the assassination.

There was a 7.62x25mm Norinco Type 54 pistol recovered from the scene. Type 54 was a Chinese copy of the Soviet TT33 Tokarev service pistol. Type 54 was a common Pakistani police sidearm, and Pakistan had no shortage of illegal arms venues.

The Chicom Type 54 is a common finding among criminals and terrorists the world over.

The TT33 was originally designed by Fedor Tokarev in 1930 and clearly drew inspiration from John Browning’s FN Model 1903 pistol.

The hammer assembly in the Type 54 is retained as a modular component that is easily replaceable in the field.

The gun included a novel removable hammer/sear module that could be replaced at the user level. This module incorporated machined magazine feed lips that would help keep the gun running reliably should the magazine become damaged. The original pistol had no manual safety.

The controls of the Type 54 are intuitive and simple, though the gun lacks a manual safety.

The TT33 first saw Chinese service as the Type 51, a hybrid firearm containing parts of both Russian and Chinese origins. Type 54 was an entirely Chinese weapon. The Type 54-1 and later Model 213 were essentially identical except that they included a manual external safety catch. The Model 213 is still in production in both 7.62x25mm and 9mm Parabellum chamberings, though it is currently restricted from importation into the United States. The Type 54 has been found in hotspots around the globe and was a popular weapon among the Yakuza, Japan’s infamous organized crime cabal. Some Pakistani-made versions included a burst fire function.

Trigger Time

The trim lines of the Type 54 make it easily concealable.

The Chicom Type 54 is not a terribly comfortable firearm. The thin grip combined with its spunky chambering makes recoil snappy. The near-90-degree grip-to-frame angle is awkward compared to more modern offerings.

The Browning-inspired trigger of the Type 54 is entirely serviceable.

The Fedor Tokarev-designed single action trigger is nice and crisp, however, at least on my Vietnam vet bring back example. The lack of a manual safety means the gun must be carried with an empty chamber or the hammer must be manually retracted prior to firing. Neither option lends itself to fast tactical employment.

The grips of Type 54 belie its communist origins.

Magazines drop free cleanly, and the thin-architecture makes the gun eminently concealable. By all accounts, the weapon was exceptionally reliable in action. The energetic bottlenecked cartridge was well advanced for its time. Many modern antipersonnel handgun rounds aspire to its performance even today.

Denouement

Benazir Bhutto was a groundbreaking figure in the Muslim world. She ultimately paid for her political position with her life.

The murder of Benazir Bhutto has been rightfully described as Pakistan’s JFK assassination.

President Pervez Musharraf was ultimately indicted for his involvement in Bhutto’s assassination and fled the country.

Ex-President Pervez Musharraf was indicted in 2013 for his involvement, and he remains an expatriate fugitive today. Most of the Taliban and Al Qaeda suspects are dead as a result of their other nefarious pursuits. International terrorism doesn’t offer a particularly robust retirement plan. Two Pakistani Law Enforcement officers are currently imprisoned for their roles, both convicted for mishandling the crime scene.
Benazir Bhutto packed her government with friends and relatives and was indeed quite likely guilty of graft. However, she was an undeniably committed reformer in a world where reformers seldom lived very long. In the gory death of Benazir Bhutto, we see personified the chaos that is politics in the modern Muslim world.

The Chicom Type 54 remains a timelessly effective combat handgun despite its 1930s-era origins.

Chicom Type 54

From left to right we see the 9mm Parabellum, the .45ACP, and the 7.62x25mm Tokarev.