Nagant M1895

Nagant M1895 revolver
Nagant M1895 revolver
	A Nagant M1895 produced in 1941 by the Tula Arsenalwith its 7.62×38mmR ammunition
Type	Revolver
Place of origin	Belgium; Russian Empire; Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1895–present
Used by	See Users
Wars	Boxer Rebellion; Russo-Japanese War; World War I; Russian Revolution of 1917; Russian Civil War; Spanish Civil War; Winter War; World War II; Chinese Civil War; Hukbalahap Rebellion; Korean War; Vietnam War
Production history
Designer	Emile & Léon Nagant
Designed	1886
Manufacturer	Nagant, Soviet Arsenals (Tula& Izhevsk), Państwowa Fabryka Karabinów
Produced	1895–1945 (1895–1898 Nagant, 1899–1945 Tula, 1930 Warsaw, 1943–1945 Izhevsk)
No. built	~2,000,000[citation needed]
Variants	Single-action NCO version, .22 caliber sporting model
Specifications
Weight	1.8 lb (0.8 kg), unloaded
Length	10.5 in (235 mm)
Barrel length	4.5 in (114 mm)
Cartridge	7.62×38mmR 7.62mm Nagant
Caliber	7.62mm
Action	Double action, Single-action
Rate of fire	14–21 rounds/min
Muzzle velocity	891 ft/s (272 m/s)
Effective firing range	50 yds (46 m)
Feed system	7-round cylinder
Sights	Fixed front post and rear notch

The Nagant M1895 Revolver was a seven-shot, gas-seal revolverdesigned and produced by Belgian industrialist Léon Nagant for the Russian Empire.
The Nagant M1895 was chambered for a proprietary cartridge, 7.62×38mmR, and featured an unusual “gas-seal” system, in which the cylinder moved forward when the gun was cocked, to close the gap between the cylinder and the barrel, providing a boost to the muzzle velocity of the fired projectile and allowing the weapon to be suppressed (an unusual ability for a revolver).^[3]

Russian M1895[edit]

Léon Nagant and his brother Émile were well known in the Russian Tsar’s court and military administration because of the part they had played in the design of the Russian service rifle, the Mosin–NagantModel 1891. The Nagant M1895 was adopted as the standard issue side arm for the Imperial Russian Army and police officers, where it replaced earlier Smith & Wesson models.^[4]
Production began in Liège, Belgium; however Russia purchased the manufacturing rights in 1898, and moved production to the Tula Arsenal in Russia, and was soon producing 20,000 examples per year.^[4]
Until 1918 it was produced in two versions: a double-action version for officers, and a cheaper single-action version for the ranks.^[5] It continued to be used after the Russian Revolution by the Red Armyand Soviet security forces. The distinctive shape and name helped it achieve cult status in Russia and in the early 1930s the presentation of a Nagant M1895 revolver with an embossed Red Star was one of the greatest honours that could be bestowed on a Party Member. The common Russian name for the revolver, наган (nagan) became synonymous with the concept of the revolver in general and was applied to such weapons regardless of actual make or model.
As early as 1933 the M1895 had started to be replaced by the Tokarev semi-automatic pistol but was never fully replaced until the Makarov pistol in 1952. It was still produced and used in great numbers during World War II and remained in use with the Russian Railways, postal service, and some remote police forces^[6] for many years. In the Russian Federation, it was only retired from use with postal security service in 2003, and from bailiff security service (Федеральная служба судебных приставов) in 2009.^[7]

Technical characteristics[edit]

Revolvers typically have a small gap (sometimes called the flash gap) between the cylinder and the barrel to allow the cylinder to revolve. The bullet must “jump” this gap when fired, which can have an adverse effect on accuracy, especially if the barrel and chamber are misaligned. The gap also is a path for the escape of high pressure (and temperature) gases. Expensive revolvers such as Korth and Manurhin are hand-fitted, keeping the gap to a minimum. Mass-produced revolvers may have a gap as large as 0.25 mm.
The M1895 by contrast, has a mechanism which, as the hammer is cocked, first turns the cylinder and then moves it forward, closing the gap between the cylinder and the barrel. The cartridge, also unique, plays an important part in sealing the gun to the escape of propellant gases. The bullet is deeply seated, entirely within the cartridge case, and the case is slightly reduced in diameter at its mouth. The barrel features a short conical section at its rear; this accepts the mouth of the cartridge, completing the gas seal. By sealing the gap, the velocity of the bullet is increased by 15 to 45 m/s (50 to 150 ft/s.) This feature also eliminates the possibility of injury from gases escaping through the gap, which can damage a finger if the user holds the gun with a finger positioned beside the gap.^[8]

Holstered Nagant with the gate open for loading.

The disadvantage of this design is that Nagant revolvers were laborious and time-consuming to reload, with the need to manually eject each of the used cartridges, and reload one cartridge at a time through a loading gate. At the time the revolver was designed, this system was obsolete. In England the Webley revolver used a break action that simultaneously ejected all six spent cartridges; and in America the swinging crane and star ejector had replaced the loading gate and ejector rod system. However, the Nagant design did have the advantage of requiring less machining than more modern designs.
The Nagant M1895 was made in both single-action and double-action models before and during World War I; they are known colloquially as the “Private’s model” and the “Officer’s model”, respectively. Production of the single-action model seems to have stopped after 1918, with some exceptions, including examples made for target competition. Most single-action revolvers were later converted to double-action, making original single-action revolvers rather rare.
Whether fired in single action or double action, the Nagant M1895 has a markedly heavy trigger pull.

History and usage[edit]

The M1895 revolver was used extensively by the Russian Imperial Army and later by the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution. In Russian service, it was known for its extreme sturdiness and ability to withstand abuse. As one former Imperial Russian officer stated, “if anything went wrong with the M1895, you could fix it with a hammer”.^{[citation needed]}
It was widely employed by the Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka, as well as its Soviet successor agencies, the OGPUand NKVD. Seven Nagant revolvers were used by communist revolutionaries to murder the Russian imperial family and their servants in July 1918.^[9] In the police role, it was frequently seen with a cut-down barrel to aid in concealment by plainclothes agents. Despite the advent of the more modern Soviet TT pistol, the M1895 remained in production and use throughout World War II.
The Nagant’s sealed firing system meant that the Nagant revolver, unlike most other revolvers, could make effective use of a sound suppressor, and suppressors were sometimes fitted to it.^[10]
Suppressed M1895 Nagant revolvers, modified in clandestine workshops, also turned up in the hands of Viet Cong guerrillas during the Vietnam War as assassination weapons. There is an example of a suppressed Nagant M1895 in the CIA Museum in Langley, Virginia, USA.
The weapon was considered “antique” in Belgium and it became legal to be in possession of the weapon. In 2013 the weapon was again prohibited. Nagant revolvers have been found with the terrorist Amédy Coulibaly in 2015 and with a Dutch weapondealer.^[11]

Variants[edit]

Military[edit]

Nagant “Private’s model” («солдатский» наган) – a single-action version for non-commissioned officers and soldiers
Nagant “Officer’s model” («офицерский» наган) – a double-action version for officers
suppressed Nagant^[12] with sound suppressor known as the “BRAMIT device” (BRAtya MITiny – “Mitin Brothers”) – produced since 1929 for Soviet reconnaissance and scout troops
Ng wz. 30 (Nagant wz. 30)

Civil[edit]

KR-22 «Sokol» (КР-22 «Сокол») – .22 LR^[13]

Cartridges[edit]

Russian[edit]

7.62×38mmR (7.62 mm Nagant) cartridge, left, shown next to a .32 S&W Long Cartridge (middle) and a .22 LR cartridge (right) for comparison.

7.62mm Nagant is also known as 7.62×38mmR (Rimmed) or “Cartridge, Type R”. The projectile is seated below the mouth of the cartridge, with the cartridge crimp sitting just above the bullet. When fired, the crimp expands into the forcing cone, completing the gas seal and ostensibly increasing muzzle velocity by approximately 75 ft/s.
The 7.62 mm caliber was chosen, in part, to simplify the tooling used in barrel-making and manufacture of projectiles because the Russian service rifle of the time, the Mosin–Nagant M91, featured an identical bore diameter, being chambered for the 7.62×54mmR rifle cartridge.
The revolver can be fired using the .32 S&W, .32 S&W Long and .32 H&R Magnum cartridges, but this practice is not generally advised. .327 Federal Magnums should never be fired in this revolver. The Nagant revolver was not designed to fire these rounds, which have different dimensions, so the shooter should be aware of the risks before attempting to use them in the revolver. Aftermarket cylinders for .32 can be installed, allowing them to safely fire .32 H&R or .32 ACP.

Comparison of .32 Smith & Wesson Long, .32 H&R Magnum and 7.62×38mmR Nagant

Proper fitting ammunition can be reloaded from .32-20 Winchester brass by using the Lee Nagant die set. This allows the reloaders to work up a load that fits their needs and is specific for the Nagant. While this eliminates the bulged/split/stuck cases experienced when using .32 S&W and .32 H&R, the gas seal that made the Nagant famous will still not fully function, due to the .32-20 not being long enough to protrude past the cylinder like the original Nagant ammunition.

Swedish / Norwegian[edit]

7.5 mm Swedish/Norwegian Nagant round

Other Nagant revolver designs were also adopted by police and military services of Sweden (7.5mm M1887), Norway (M1893), Poland, and Greece (ΠερίστροφονM1895).
The Swedish and Norwegian Nagants used a different cartridge, the 7.5 mm Nagant. This ammunition is interchangeable with the 7.5mm 1882 Ordnance (aka Swiss 7.5mm revolver).^[14]^[15]

Users[edit]

Afghanistan
Albania
East Germany^[16]
Democratic Republic of Georgia
Syria – by the Syrian army and special units and police
Belgium^[17]
Burundi
Finland – Used captured arms
France
India
Japan
Kazakhstan – at least up to 1996 were used by security guards^[18]
Kenya
Laos^[19]
Nazi Germany – Like many other foreign weapons, captured Polish Nagant revolvers were used under designation Revolver 612(p), captured Greek Nagant revolvers were used under designation Revolver 612(g), captured Soviet Nagant revolvers were used under designation Revolver 612(r). Members of Polnische Polizei im Generalgouvernement and Hilfspolizei were armed with these revolvers
Nepal
Norway
Poland^[1]^[6]
Russian Empire – since 13 May 1895^[20]
Russia – in 1998 were still used by some law enforcement units;^[21] until 2003 were used by postal service security guards;^[22] at least up to 2006 were used by security guards^[23]^[24]
Qatar
Somalia
South Africa
South Korea
Soviet Union^[6]
Second Spanish Republic^[2]^[25]
Sweden^[6]
Tanzania
Thailand
United Kingdom
Vietnam
Kingdom of Yugoslavia^[1]
Kingdom of Greece
Ukraine – at least up to summer 2014 were used by railway security guards^[26]
Philippines– few quantities were exported to the Philippines during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War. Known to be the sidearm of revolutionary General Antonio Luna